Cover: Transparent Ceramics by Adrian Goldstein, Andreas KrellZeev Burshtein

Transparent Ceramics

Materials, Engineering, and Applications

 

 

 

 

Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell, and Zeev Burshtein

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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I dedicate this book to my mother Sia and my wife Piticul

- Adrian Goldstein

Foreword

Who had imagined in 1964 that the first solid-state laser of Nd3+-doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) single crystals might be replaced by Nd3+-doped YAG transparent laser ceramics? Requests to fabricate such transparent ceramics are at the frontier of materials science and everyone considered at this time that transparent ceramic materials could not be used for laser or optical materials. However, dreams came true in 1995 and now garnet transparent laser ceramics are commercialized and have been extended also to Ce3+-doped YAG as phosphors associated with blue LED for high power white lighting. Recently, the list of application of transparent ceramics, for which some of them are highly sophisticated, for laser media, phosphors, scintillators, armor windows, infrared domes, and electro-optical components have widely increase in all domains and have impacted our daily life.

This book addresses precise topics on available transparent ceramics (TCs) materials, how they are processed, their applications, and aspects of the progress made in their engineering as well as our scientific understanding. Adrian Goldstein, Andreas Krell, and Zeev Burshtein, well-known authorities in the international community of the ceramics, animated during all their scientific lives by the passion of the field and the desire to communicate it, were able to pause and review carefully the accomplishments of this period, the remaining challenges, and future prospects.

Clearly, the data presented are well explained, in correlation with the theoretical science and engineering background. This book answers well with the evolution of the transparent ceramics so that it will successfully help students and researchers for any developments still in a laboratory stage. As an example, data help to understand relationships between microstructures (porosity and size distribution of pores) and optical properties, and also processing strategies of densification and transparency. Their upgrading in the near future has to be relevant for industrial operations and will likely lead to significantly strengthen the economic relevance of the transparent ceramics.

Students, scientists, and engineers working with ceramics should get this book providing extensive references to contemporary works and being a basis for studying the field. It covers applications through detailed case studies and therefore a comprehensive guide to the current status of transparent ceramics, well suited to readers who wish to use it, either to understand these materials or to solve specific problems.

UCB Lyon 1, France

Georges Boulon

Emeritus Professor

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank some of the people who, in one way or other, had helped us in bringing this book to life: Prof. Julius Menessy, Dr. Michael Katz, Prof. Georges Boulon, Smadar Karpas, Prof. Ken-ichi Ueda, and Prof. Lisa Klein.

Dr. Zeev Burshtein has authored Sections: 2.1–2.5 (with minor contributions from A. Krell and A. Goldstein) and Sections 5.2.9.1.1–5.2.9.1.3 (included).

General Abbreviations

The “[]” contains units for parameter or molar concentration.

A absorptance
ABET powder specific surface area [m2/g], determined by the same calculation model applied to experimental gas adsorption data
AR anti-reflective
ArS sintering under 1 atm. of argon
AS sintering under 1 atm. of air
a-SiO2 (or other amorphous silica
chemical compound)
Vol%, atm.% or mol % volume, atomic or molar percentage
wt.% weight percentage
B magnetic induction (or magnetic flux density) [T (=104 G (the gauss (G) is used in (cgs system)))]
BD bulk density (g/cm3 or % of TD)
BDf fired state density
BDg green-body density
BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
c cubic lattice
CAD computer-assisted design
CAM computer-assisted machining
CCT correlated color temperature
CF crystal field
CFT crystal field theory (used for electronic spectra interpretation)
CIE commission int. de l`èclairage
CRI color rendition index
CVD chemical vapor deposition
CW continuous wave laser
D0 ionic diffusion coefficient at standard temperature [cm2 or m2/s]
D50 median particles size in a distribution
DBET equivalent particle diameter [nm] as calculated by BET method
DTA derivatographic thermal analysis
E Young modulus [GPa]
EDS (EDX) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (for elemental chemical analysis)
EFG edge defined film fed growth (technique for crystals growth)
EMPA electron microscope probe elemental analysis
EMR electromagnetic radiation
EO electro-optic
EPR electron paramagnetic resonance
ESR electron spin resonance
FEA finite element analysis
FIR far infrared subdomain (15–1000 μm)
FOG (or FOX) fluoro-oxide glass
GB grain boundaries
GS grain size
GSM maximal GS
GSm minimal GS
H magnetic field strength [A/m; Oe (in cgs system)]
h Planck's constant
HAADF high angle annular dark field imaging
HIP hot isostatic pressing
HK hardness measured with the Knoop indenter
HP hot pressing
HR-SEM high resolution SEM
HR-TEM high resolution TEM
HV hardness measured with the Vickers indenter
IR infrared domain of the spectrum
k or kB Boltzmann's constant
k wave vector (magnitude is the wave number)
KIc [MPa m0.5]
LCD liquid crystal display
LED light-emitting diode
LF ligand field
LFT crystal field theory improved by consideration of covalency
m monoclinic
Mb grain-boundaries migration rate in pore-free matrix
MIR middle domain of IR (2.5–15 μm)
MW microwaves (EMR of wavelength 1 mm to ∼3 dm)
NC critical coordination number, in particles, of pores
NIR near infrared subdomain of the IR (0.75–2.5 μm)
NUV near ultraviolet subdomain (300–380 nm)
OLED organic light emitting diode
op open porosity (%)
OPA optical parameter amplifier
OPA–CPA amplifier based on chirped pulse amplification
PCA polycrystalline (ceramic) alumina
PECS pulsed electric current sintering (alternative to SPS)
PL photo luminescence
PLE photo luminescent emission
PLED power LED
PLZT La containing PZT
PMN plumb magnesium niobate
Po porosity [vol%]
PoSD pore size distribution
PS pressureless (viz., at around 1 atm. of gas pressure) sintering
PSD particle size distribution
PT ceramic with composition located in the PbO–TiO2 system
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
PW power [W]
PZT ceramic with composition located in the PbO–ZrO2–TiO2 system; main source of piezoceramics
R gas constant
R reflectance
RE + rare-Earth cation
RIT real in-line transmission
RT room temperature
RTP ready-to-press powder
S scattered fraction of incident EMR beam intensity
SEM scanning electron microscope
SIMS secondary ions mass spectroscopy
SOX solid oxides
SPS spark-plasma sintering
STEM scanning TEM
t tetragonal
ta0 post-sintering annealing (mostly in air) temperature
tf melting (fusion) temperature
tg glass transition temperature
tl liquidus temperature (phase diagrams)
ts0 sintering temperature
T transmittance (T% transmission percentage)
T% transmission (in %) as a function of wavelength
TC transparent ceramic
TD or ρ theoretical density [g/cm3]
TEM transmission mode electron microscope
TEOS tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate
TFT total forward transmission
TGC transparent glass-ceramic
TGG Terbium, Gadolinium garnet
TM+ transition element cation
TRS transversal rupture strength
T-YAG (or other transparent YAG
transparent ceramic
compound)
TZP tetragonal zirconia polycrystals
UV ultraviolet domain of the spectrum (10 to ∼380 nm)
VIS segment of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive (∼0.38 to ∼0.75 μm)
VS sintering under vacuum
WLED white light emitting LED
X powder particle size
XRD X-ray diffraction
YAG Yttrium, Aluminum garnet
YSAG scandium containing
[K−1] thermal expansion coefficient [°C/K]
γ surface tension [N/m]
Δ small variation
ε extinction coeff. [l/(mol cm)]
λ wavelength [nm, μm]
λth thermal conductivity [W/Km]
ν frequency [Hz]
ν- wave number [cm−1]
τ time
φ phase of wave