Table of Contents

Cover

Title

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

I.1. 4G mobile network
I.2. Wi-Fi network
I.3. Wi-Fi integration into the 4G mobile network
I.4. Wi-Fi and LTE access aggregation

1 Architecture Based on Wi-Fi Access

1.1. Functional architecture
1.2. Tunnel establishment
1.3. DIAMETER protocol

2 MAC Layer

2.1. Frame structure
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Security
2.4. Quality of service

3 802.11a/g Interfaces

3.1. 802.11a interface
3.2. 802.11g interface

4 802.11n Interface

4.1. MAC layer evolution
4.2. PLCP sub-layer
4.3. PMD sub-layer

5 802.11ac Interface

5.1. MAC layer
5.2. PLCP sub-layer
5.3. PMD sub-layer

6 Mutual Authentication

6.1. 802.1x mechanism
6.2. Key management
6.3. Application to the 4G mobile network

7 SWu Tunnel Establishment

7.1. IPSec mechanism
7.2. Application to the 4G mobile network

8 S2a/S2b Tunnel Establishment

8.1. PMIPv6 mechanism
8.2. GTPv2 mechanism
8.3. MIPv4 FA mechanism

9 S2c Tunnel Establishment

9.1. MIPv6 mechanism
9.2. DSMIPv6 mechanism
9.3. Application to the 4G mobile network

10 Network Discovery and Selection

10.1. Mechanisms defined by 3GPP organization
10.2. Mechanisms defined by IEEE and WFA organizations

11 Carrier Aggregation

11.1. Functional architecture
11.2. Protocol architecture
11.3. Procedures
11.4. PDCP

12 MPTCP Aggregation

12.1. Functional architecture
12.2. TCP
12.3. MPTCP

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1 Architecture Based on Wi-Fi Access

Table 1.1. DIAMETER messages on the SWx interface
Table 1.2. DIAMETER messages on the STa and SWa interfaces
Table 1.3. DIAMETER messages on the S6b interface
Table 1.4. DIAMETER messages on the SWm interface
Table 1.5. DIAMETER messages on the Gx, Gxa and Gxb interfaces

Chapter 2 MAC Layer

Table 2.1. To DS and From DS subfield values
Table 2.2. Meaning of Address fields
Table 2.3. Correspondence between the priority levels and the access categories
Table 2.4. Default values of EDCA parameters

Chapter 3 802.11a/g Interfaces

Table 3.1. Rates of DATA field
Table 3.2. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme
Table 3.3. Values of the duration of the different parameters
Table 3.4. Parameters of OFDM multiplexing
Table 3.5. U-NII band at 5 GHz
Table 3.6. European regulations

Chapter 4 802.11n Interface

Table 4.1. Features of MAC layer
Table 4.2. Information of HT Capabilities Info field
Table 4.3. Information of Link Adaptation Control field
Table 4.4. HT-SIG field structure
Table 4.5. Characteristics of PMD sub-layer
Table 4.6. OFDM multiplexing parameters
Table 4.7. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme 20 MHz bandwidth
Table 4.8. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme 40 MHz bandwidth
Table 4.9. MCS 32 parameters

Chapter 5 802.11ac Interface

Table 5.1. Subfields of the VHT Capabilities Info field
Table 5.2. Subfields of Control Middle field
Table 5.3. Structure of VHT-SIG-A field
Table 5.4. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme – Bandwidth of 20 MHz
Table 5.5. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme – Bandwidth of 40 MHz
Table 5.6. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme – Bandwidth of 80 MHz
Table 5.7. Parameters of the modulation and coding scheme Bandwidth of 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz

Chapter 7 SWu Tunnel Establishment

Table 7.1. Block types

Chapter 8 S2a/S2b Tunnel Establishment

Table 8.1. GTPv2-C messages
Table 8.2. Data transfer: CN to MN

Chapter 9 S2c Tunnel Establishment

Table 9.1. Correspondence table between the HoA and CoA addresses
Table 9.2. Correspondence table between the BID and FID identifiers

Chapter 10 Network Discovery and Selection

Table 10.1. ANQP information elements

Chapter 12 MPTCP Aggregation

Table 12.1. ECN field in IP header
Table 12.2. MPTCP options

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Figure I.1. 4G mobile network architecture
Figure I.2. Bearer establishment
Figure I.3. Wi-Fi network architecture
Figure I.4. Protocol architecture
Figure I.5. Session establishment – Architecture based on S2a interface
Figure I.6. Session establishment – Architecture based on S2b interface
Figure I.7. Session establishment – Architecture based on S2c interface
Figure I.8. Wi-Fi and LTE access aggregation

Chapter 1 Architecture Based on Wi-Fi Access

Figure 1.1. Functional architecture based on the S2a interface
Figure 1.2. Connection to the PDN network for architecture based on the S2a interface
Figure 1.3. Functional architecture based on the S2b interface
Figure 1.4. Connection to the PDN network for architecture based on S2b interface
Figure 1.5. Functional architecture based on S2c interface Trusted Wi-Fi access
Figure 1.6. Functional architecture based on S2c interface Untrusted Wi-Fi access
Figure 1.7. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface Control plane for PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 1.8. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface User plane for PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 1.9. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface Control plane for MIPv4 FA mechanism
Figure 1.10. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface User plane for MIPv4 FA mechanism
Figure 1.11. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface Control plane for GTPv2 mechanism
Figure 1.12. Protocol architecture based on S2a interface User plane for GTPv2 mechanism
Figure 1.13. Protocol architecture based on S2b interface Control plane for PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 1.14. Protocol architecture based on S2b interface User plane for PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 1.15. Protocol architecture based on S2c interface Control plane for trusted Wi-Fi access
Figure 1.16. Protocol architecture based on S2c interface User plane for trusted Wi-Fi access
Figure 1.17. AAA server interfaces using the DIAMETER protocol
Figure 1.18. PCRF interfaces using the DIAMETER protocol

Chapter 2 MAC Layer

Figure 2.1. MAC header structure
Figure 2.2. Structure of control frames
Figure 2.3. Structure of the BEACON management frame
Figure 2.4. Structure of the AUTHENTICATION management frame
Figure 2.5. Structure of management frames relating to the association phase
Figure 2.6. Structure of the management frames DISASSOCIATION and DEAUTHENTICATION
Figure 2.7. Active scanning
Figure 2.8. Use of control frames for data transfer
Figure 2.9. Backoff mechanism
Figure 2.10. Duration field for RTS and CTS control frames
Figure 2.11. Duration field for ACK control frame
Figure 2.12. Duration field for the PS-POLL control frame
Figure 2.13. Frame fragmentation
Figure 2.14. Standby management
Figure 2.15. Format of WEP encapsulation
Figure 2.16. WEP processing of the transmission chain
Figure 2.17. WEP processing of the reception chain
Figure 2.18. Format of TKIP encapsulation
Figure 2.19. TKIP processing of the transmission chain
Figure 2.20. TKIP processing of the reception chain
Figure 2.21. Format of CCMP encapsulation
Figure 2.22. CCMP processing of the transmission chain
Figure 2.23. CCMP processing of the reception chain
Figure 2.24. Evolution of MAC header structure

Chapter 3 802.11a/g Interfaces

Figure 3.1. Format of PLCP frame
Figure 3.2. Transmission and reception chain
Figure 3.3. Scrambler diagram
Figure 3.4. Convolutional encoder diagram
Figure 3.5. Structure of the preamble and OFDM symbols
Figure 3.6. PLCP frame for ERP-HR / DSSS mode
Figure 3.7. PLCP frame for ERP-OFDM mode
Figure 3.8. PLCP frame for DSSS-OFDM mode
Figure 3.9. ISM band at 2.4 GHz

Chapter 4 802.11n Interface

Figure 4.1. Structure of MAC header
Figure 4.2. Structure of A-MPDU frame
Figure 4.3. Structure of A-MSDU frame
Figure 4.4. Block acknowledgment
Figure 4.5. Control frame structure
Figure 4.6. PLCP frame structure
Figure 4.7. Transmission chain – Diagram 1
Figure 4.8. Transmission chain – Diagram 2
Figure 4.9. Frequency plan
Figure 4.10. MIMO mechanism
Figure 4.11. STBC mechanism
Figure 4.12. Beamforming mechanism

Chapter 5 802.11ac Interface

Figure 5.1. Bandwidth negotiation
Figure 5.2. MAC header structure
Figure 5.3. PLCP frame structure
Figure 5.4. Generation of L-SIG and VHT-SIG-A fields
Figure 5.5. Generation of VHT-SIG-B field – Data unit for a single user Radio channel bandwidths of 20, 40, and 80 MHz
Figure 5.6. Generation of VHT-SIG-B field – Data unit for multi-user Radio channel bandwidths of 20, 40, and 80 MHz
Figure 5.7. Generation of VHT-SIG-B field – Data unit for a single user Radio channel bandwidth of 160 MHz
Figure 5.8. Generation of VHT-SIG-B field – Data unit for a single user Radio channel bandwidth of 80+80 MHz
Figure 5.9. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for a single user BCC encoder – Radio channel bandwidths of 20, 40 and 80 MHz radio
Figure 5.10. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for a single user LDPC encoder – Radio channel bandwidths of 20, 40 and 80 MHz radio
Figure 5.11. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for multi-user Radio channel bandwidths of the of 20, 40 and 80 MHz
Figure 5.12. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for a single user BCC encoder – Radio channel bandwidth of the 160 MHz
Figure 5.13. Generation of DATA field – Data for a single user LDPC encoder – Radio channel bandwidth of the 160 MHz
Figure 5.14. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for a single user BCC encoder – Radio channel bandwidth of 80 + 80 MHz
Figure 5.15. Generation of DATA field – Data unit for a single user LDPC encoder – Radio channel bandwidth of 80 + 80 MHz
Figure 5.16. Frequency plan Channel bandwidths of 20, 40, 80 and 160 MHz
Figure 5.17. Frequency plan Channel bandwidths of 80+80 MHz
Figure 5.18. SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO mechanism

Chapter 6 Mutual Authentication

Figure 6.1. Components of 802.1x mechanism
Figure 6.2. Protocol architecture for 802.1x mechanism
Figure 6.3. Structure of EAPOL message
Figure 6.4. EAP message structure
Figure 6.5. Common exchanges in the authentication procedure
Figure 6.6. Four-way handshake procedure
Figure 6.7. Group key handshake procedure
Figure 6.8. Mutual authentication procedure
Figure 6.9. Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication

Chapter 7 SWu Tunnel Establishment

Figure 7.1. AH extension format
Figure 7.2. ESP extension format
Figure 7.3. Position of AH extension
Figure 7.4. Position of ESP extension
Figure 7.5. IKE message header format
Figure 7.6. Format of generic block header
Figure 7.7. IKE_SA_INIT exchange
Figure 7.8. IKE_AUTH exchange
Figure 7.9. CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange creation of ESP/AH SA
Figure 7.10. CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange renewal of IKE SA key
Figure 7.11. CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange renewal of ESP/AH SA key
Figure 7.12. SWu tunnel establishment procedure
Figure 7.13. Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication

Chapter 8 S2a/S2b Tunnel Establishment

Figure 8.1. PMIPv6 architecture
Figure 8.2. Mobile node attachment to the LMA function IPv6 configuration
Figure 8.3. MAG function change
Figure 8.4. S2a tunnel establishment using PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 8.5. S2b tunnel establishment using PMIPv6 mechanism
Figure 8.6. S2a tunnel establishment using GTPv2 mechanism
Figure 8.7. Components of mobility
Figure 8.8. Data transfer
Figure 8.9. S2a tunnel establishment using MIPv4 FA mechanism

Chapter 9 S2c Tunnel Establishment

Figure 9.1. Components for MIPv6 mechanism
Figure 9.2. Mobility extension format
Figure 9.3. Attachment of the mobile node to the home agent
Figure 9.4. Data transfer
Figure 9.5. Network change of the mobile node
Figure 9.6. Return of the mobile node to the host network
Figure 9.7. Return Routability procedure
Figure 9.8. S2c tunnel establishment Trusted Wi-Fi access
Figure 9.9. S2c tunnel establishment Untrusted Wi-Fi access

Chapter 10 Network Discovery and Selection

Figure 10.1. ANDI information
Figure 10.2. ISMP policy
Figure 10.3. IFOM rules
Figure 10.4. MAPCOM rules
Figure 10.5. NSWO rules
Figure 10.6. IARP rules
Figure 10.7. WLANSP policy
Figure 10.8. Wi-Fi access network preferences
Figure 10.9. GAS/ANQP exchanges

Chapter 11 Carrier Aggregation

Figure 11.1. Functional architecture for LTE and Wi-Fi carrier aggregation
Figure 11.2. Protocol architecture for LWA aggregation eNB and AP entities are collocated
Figure 11.3. Protocol architecture for LWA aggregation eNB and AP entities are distant
Figure 11.4. Protocol architecture for LWIP aggregation
Figure 11.5. WT Addition procedure
Figure 11.6. WT Modification procedure initiated by the eNB entity
Figure 11.7. WT Modification procedure initiated by the access point
Figure 11.8. WT Release procedure initiated by the eNB entity
Figure 11.9. WT Release procedure initiated by the access point
Figure 11.10. LWIP and IPSec tunnel establishment
Figure 11.11. LBT mechanism –FBE option
Figure 11.12. LBT mechanism –LBE option
Figure 11.13. PDCP frame structure containing IP packets or RRC messages
Figure 11.14. PDCP frame structure containing Status Report messages

Chapter 12 MPTCP Aggregation

Figure 12.1. Architecture for MPTCP aggregation
Figure 12.2. Format of TCP header
Figure 12.3. Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance mechanisms
Figure 12.4. Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery mechanisms
Figure 12.5. ECN field in IP header
Figure 12.6. ECN field in TCP header
Figure 12.7. Format of MPTCP option
Figure 12.8. Establishment of an MPTCP connection
Figure 12.9. Adding a TCP connection
Figure 12.10. Data transfer
Figure 12.11. Closing a MPTCP connection
Figure 12.12. Abrupt closure of MPTCP connection

List of Abbreviations

3GPP	3rd Generation Partnership Project

A

AAA	Authentication Authorization Accounting
AAA	Authenticate and Authorize Answer
AAD	Additional Authentication Data
AAR	Authenticate and Authorize Request
AC	Access Category
ACK	Acknowledgment
AES	Advanced Encryption Standard
AF	Application Function
AGC	Automatic Control Gain
AH	Authentication Header
AID	Association Identifier
AIFS	Arbitration Inter-Frame Space
AKA	Authentication and Key Agreement
AM	Acknowledgement Mode
A-MPDU	Aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit
A-MSDU	Aggregate MAC Service Data Unit
ANDI	Access Network Discovery Information
ANDSF	Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
ANQP	Access Network Query Protocol
AP	Access Point
APN	Access Point Name
ARP	Address Resolution Protocol
ASA	Abort-Session-Answer
ASR	Abort-Session-Request
AUTN	Authentication Network

B

BCC	Binary Convolutional Coding
BCE	Binding Cache Entry
BID	Binding Identifier
BPSK	Binary Phase-Shift Keying
BSS	Basic Service Set
BSSID	BSS Identifier

C

CCA	Credit-Control-Answer
CCA	Clear Channel Assessment
CCK	Complementary Code Keying
CCMP	Counter-mode/CBC-MAC-Protocol
CCR	Credit-Control-Request
CE	Congestion Experienced
CHAP	Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
CK	Cipher Key
CN	Correspondent Node
CNA	Correspondent Node Address
CoA	Care-of Address
CoT	Care-of Test
CoTI	Care-of Test Init
CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check
CSD	Cyclic Shift Diversity
CSMA/CA	Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
CTS	Clear To Send
CW	Contention Window
CWR	Congestion Window Reduced

D

DA	Destination Address
DAD	Duplicate Address Detection
DCF	Distributed Coordination Function
DEA	Diameter-EAP-Answer
DER	Diameter-EAP-Request
DF	Don’t Fragment
DFS	Dynamic Frequency Selection
DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIFS	DCF Inter-Frame Space
DNS	Domain Name System
DOI	Domain of Interpretation
DRB	Data Radio Bearer
DSCP	DiffServ Code Point
DSMIPv6	Dual-Stack Mobile IP version 6
DSS	Data Sequence Signal
DSSS	Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

E

EAP	Extensible Authentication Protocol
EAPOL	EAP Over LAN
ECE	ECN-Echo
ECN	Explicit Congestion Notification
ECT	ECN-Capable Transport
EDCA	Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
EHSP	Equivalent Home Service Providers
EIFS	Extended Inter-Frame Space
EMSK	Extended Master Session Key
eNB	evolved Node B station
EPC	Evolved Packet Core
ePDG	evolved Packet Data Gateway
EPS	Evolved Packet System
E-RAB	EPS Radio Access Bearer
ERP	Extended Rate Physical
ESP	Encapsulating Security Payload
ESS	Extended Service Set
E-UTRAN	Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

F

FA	Foreign Agent
FAA	Foreign Agent Address
FBE	Frame-Based Equipment
FCS	Frame Check Sequence
FID	Flow Identifier
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name

G

GAS	Generic Advertisement Service
GEK	Group Encryption Key
GI	Guard Interval
GIK	Group Integrity Key
GPRS	General Packet Radio Service
GRE	Generic Routing Encapsulation
GTP-C	GPRS Tunnel Protocol Control
GTP-U	GPRS Tunnel Protocol User

H

HA	Home Agent
HESSID	Homogeneous Extended Service Set Identifier
HNP	Home Network Prefix
HoA	Home Address
HoT	Home Test
HoTI	Home Test Init
HR	High Rate
HS2.0	Hotspot 2.0
HSS	Home Subscriber Server
HT	High Throughput

I

IARP	Inter-APN Routing Policy
ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol
ICV	Integrity Check Value
IDFT	Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IE	Information Element
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force
IFOM	IP Flow Mobility
IK	Integrity Key
IKEv2	Internet Key Exchange version 2
IMSI	International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP	Internet Protocol
IPSec	IP Security
ISAKMP	Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
ISM	Industrial, Scientific and Medical
ISMP	Inter-System Mobility Policy
ISRP	Inter-System Routing Policy
IV	Initialization Vector

K, L

KCK	Key Confirmation Key
KEK	Key Encryption Key
LAA	Licensed Assisted Access
LAN	Local Area Network
LBE	Load-Based Equipment
LBT	Listen Before Talk
LCID	Logical Channel Identifier
LDPC	Low-Density Parity Check
LLC	Logical Link Control
LMA	Local Mobility Anchor
LMAA	LMA Address
LMD	Local Mobility Domain
LTE	Long-Term Evolution
LTF	Long Training Field
LWA	LTE-Wi-Fi Aggregation
LWAAP	LWA Adaptation Protocol
LWIP	LTE/WLAN radio level integration with IPsec tunnel
LWIPEP	LWIP Encapsulation Protocol

M

MAA	Multimedia-Authentication-Answer
MAC	Medium Access Control
MAC	Message Authentication Code
MAG	Mobile Access Gateway
MAPCON	Multiple-Access PDN Connectivity
MAR	Multimedia-Authentication-Request
MCC	Mobile Country Code
MIC	Message Integrity Code
MIMO	Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIP	Mobile IP
MME	Mobility Management Entity
MN	Mobile Node
MNC	Mobile Network Code
MO	Management Object
MPTCP	Multi-Path Transmission Control Protocol
MSDU	MAC Service Data Unit
MSISDN	Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MSK	Master Session Key
MSS	Maximum Segment Size
MU	Multi User

N, O

NAI	Network Access Identifier
NAS	Non-Access Stratum
NAT	Network Address Translation
ND	Neighbor Discovery
NSWO	Non-Seamless WLAN Offload
OCS	Online Charging System
OFCS	Offline Charging System
OFDM	Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
OPI	Offload Preference Indication
OSA	Open System Authentication

P

PAD	Peer Authorization Database
PBA	Proxy Binding Acknowledgement
PBCC	Packet Binary Convolutional Code
PBU	Proxy Binding Update
PCC	Policy and Charging Control
PCO	Phased Coexistence Operation
PCRF	Policy Charging and Rules Function
PDCP	Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN	Packet Data Network
PGW	PDN Gateway
PLCP	Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
PMD	Physical Medium Dependent
PMIPv6	Proxy Mobile IP version 6
PMK	Pairwise Master Key
PN	Packet Number
PPA	Push-Profile-Answer
PPDU	PLCP Protocol Data Unit
PPR	Push-Profile-Request
PS	Packet-Switched
PS	Power Save
PSDU	PLCP Service Data Unit
PSPL	Preferred Service Provider List
PTK	Pairwise Transient Key

Q, R

QAM	Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS	Quality of Service
QPSK	Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
RA	Receiver Address
RA	Router Advertisement
RAA	Re-Auth-Answer
RADIUS	Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
RAR	Re-Auth-Request
RC4	Rivest Cipher
RD	Reverse Direction
RFC	Request For Comments
RIFS	Reduced Inter-Frame Space
RLC	Radio Link Control
ROHC	Robust Header Compression
RRC	Radio Resource Control
RSN	Robust Security Network
RSRP	Reference Signal Received Power
RSSI	Received Signal Strength Indication
RTA	Registration-Termination-Answer
RTO	Retransmission Time Out
RTR	Registration-Termination-Request
RTS	Request To Send
RTT	Round Trip Time

S

SA	Source Address
SA	Security Association
SAA	Server-Assignment-Answer
SACK	Selective Acknowledgment
SAD	Security Association Database
SAR	Server-Assignment-Request
SeGW	Security Gateway
SGW	Serving Gateway
SIFS	Short Inter-Frame Space
SKA	Shared Key Authentication
SPD	Security Policy Database
SPI	Security Parameter Index
SPR	Subscription Profile Repository
SSID	Service Set Identifier
ST	Slot Time
STA	Session Termination Answer
STBC	Space-Time Block Coding
STF	Short Training Field
STR	Session Termination Request
SU	Single User

T

TA	Transmitter Address
TAI	Tracking Area Identity
TC	Traffic Class
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol
TEID	Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
TFT	Traffic Flow Template
TID	Traffic Identifier
TIM	Traffic Indication Map
TK	Temporary Key
TKIP	Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
TLS	Transport Layer Security
TLV	Type, Length, Value
TMK	Temporary MIC Key
TPC	Transmit Power Control
TSC	TKIP Sequence Counter
TTAK	TKIP-mixed Transmit Address and Key
TTL	Time To Live
TTLS	Tunneled Transport Layer Security
TWAG	Trusted WLAN Access Gateway
TWAN	Trusted WLAN Access Network
TWAP	Trusted WLAN AAA Proxy
TXOP	Transmission Opportunity

U

UDP	User Datagram Protocol
UE	User Equipment
UICC	Universal Integrated Circuit Card
U-NII	Unlicensed-National Information Infrastructure
UP	User Priority
USIM	Universal Services Identity Module

V, W, X

VHT	Very High Throughput
VoLTE	Voice over LTE
WEP	Wired Equivalent Privacy
WFA	Wi-Fi Alliance
Wi-Fi	Wireless Fidelity
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network
WLCP	WLAN Control Plane
WPA	Wi-Fi Protected Access
WRED	Weighed Random Early Discard
XML	eXtensible Markup Language