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An Introduction to Social Psychology


An Introduction to Social Psychology


BPS Textbooks in Psychology 7. Aufl.

von: Miles Hewstone, Wolfgang Stroebe

42,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 08.12.2020
ISBN/EAN: 9781119486343
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 880

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>This definitive resource in social psychology includes engaging study tools designed to help students grasp the underlying theories and the latest research in the field.</b></p> <p>In the 7th edition of <i>An Introduction to Social Psychology,</i> students will discover a wealth of tools to help them understand the theories and fundamental knowledge in the ever-evolving field of social psychology. With contributions leading psychologists, this feature-rich edition includes Theory Boxes, Research Close-ups, and Lab Boxes to help cement students’ understanding of the study material.</p> <p>This essential study guide has been engaging and educating students on social psychology theories and research for over 34 years. For students entering into the world of social psychology for the first time, this book covers foundational topics, such as:</p> <p>●       The history of social psychology throughout Europe</p> <p>●       Updated research methods and newly developed theories</p> <p>●       In-depth looks at social cognition, aggression, prosocial behavior, and relationships</p> <p>●       Strategies for changing attitude and behavior</p> <p>●       Critical study materials for multiple-choice testing</p> <p>The combination of traditional academic study with cohesion of topics, accessibility of material, and pedagogy in this 7th edition makes it a definitive resource for both instructors and beginning psychology students alike.</p>
<p>Notes on Contributors xvii</p> <p>Preface to Seventh Edition xx</p> <p>Guided Tour xxiii</p> <p>Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students xxix</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology 1<br /></b><i>Wolfgang Stroebe and Miles Hewstone</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 2</b></p> <p>Some classic studies 2</p> <p><b>A Definition of Social Psychology 5</b></p> <p>The core characteristics of social psychology 5</p> <p><b>The Unique Perspective of Social Psychology 7</b></p> <p>The study of the individual and the social 7</p> <p><b>A Brief History of Social Psychology 11</b></p> <p>The beginning 11</p> <p>The early years 15</p> <p>The years of expansion 17</p> <p><b>Social Psychology In Europe 20</b></p> <p><b>The Two Crises of Social Psychology 22</b></p> <p>The first crisis of social psychology 22</p> <p>The second crisis of social psychology 25</p> <p>Why crises can be good for a field 28</p> <p><b>Recent Developments In Social Psychology 29</b></p> <p>Chapter Summary 32</p> <p>Key Terms 33</p> <p>Note 33</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 33</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Research Methods in Social Psychology 35<br /></b><i>Andrew G. Livingstone and Antony S. R. Manstead</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 36</b></p> <p>Summary 38</p> <p><b>Research Strategies 38</b></p> <p>Experiments and quasi‐experiments 40</p> <p>Survey research 42</p> <p>Qualitative approaches 44</p> <p>Summary 47</p> <p><b>A Closer Look At Experimentation In Social</b></p> <p><b>Psychology 48</b></p> <p>Features of the social psychological experiment 48</p> <p>Experimental designs 51</p> <p>Threats to validity in experimental research 56</p> <p>Problems with experimentation 62</p> <p>Summary 64</p> <p><b>Data Collection Methods 64</b></p> <p>Observational methods 65</p> <p>Self‐report methods 67</p> <p>Implicit and physiological methods 68</p> <p>‘Big data’: Social media and online behaviour as a source of data 70</p> <p>Choosing a method 70</p> <p>Social neuroscience 71</p> <p>Summary 71</p> <p>Chapter Summary 72</p> <p>Key Terms 73</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 74</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Social Perception and Attribution 75<br /></b><i>Brian Parkinson</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 76</b></p> <p><b>Social Perception 77</b></p> <p>Summary 81</p> <p><b>Attribution Theory 81</b></p> <p>Correspondent inference theory 82</p> <p>Covariation theory 85</p> <p><b>Access To Covariation Information 87</b></p> <p>Knowledge, expectation and covariation 89</p> <p>Learning about causation using covariation and causal power 90</p> <p>Attributions and achievement 91</p> <p>Attribution and depression 92</p> <p>Misattribution of arousal 95</p> <p>Attributional biases 99</p> <p>Explaining intentional behaviour 111</p> <p>The naive scientist metaphor 112</p> <p>Attributions as discourse 114</p> <p>Summary 114</p> <p><b>Social Perception and Social Reality 115</b></p> <p><b>Automatic and Controlled Social Perception 116</b></p> <p>Chapter Summary 117</p> <p>Key Terms 118</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 119</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Social Cognition 120<br /></b><i>Roland Deutsch and Jenny Roth</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 121</b></p> <p><b>Five Principles of Social Cognition 121</b></p> <p>First principle: social phenomena can be explained by general cognitive processes 121</p> <p>Second principle: social cognition is situated 132</p> <p>Third principle: motivation shapes social cognition 140</p> <p>Fourth principle: social cognition can be a special adaptation 145</p> <p>Fifth principle: social phenomena are often caused by a mixture of general and more specifically social processes 155</p> <p>Chapter Summary 158</p> <p>Key Terms 160</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 160</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 The Self 161<br /></b><i>Carolyn C. Morf</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 162</b></p> <p><b>Where Self‐Knowledge Comes From 163</b></p> <p>Through our own observation: personal sources 164</p> <p>Through the help of others: social sources 166</p> <p>Experiencing a coherent self: autobiographical memories and the self as narrative 170</p> <p>Summary 171</p> <p><b>The Organizational Function of The Self: The Self As Mental Representation 172</b></p> <p>The nature of the self‐concept 172</p> <p>Actual, ideal and possible selves 175</p> <p>Implicit and explicit self‐knowledge 176</p> <p>The nature of self‐esteem 176</p> <p>The neural underpinnings of self‐knowledge 185</p> <p>Summary 186</p> <p><b>The Motivational Functions of The Self 186</b></p> <p>Know thyself: the self‐assessment motive 187</p> <p>Bigger, better, faster, stronger: the self‐enhancement motive 187</p> <p>The puzzle of low self‐regard: self‐verification 193</p> <p>Why do we self‐enhance? 197</p> <p>The pros and cons of pursuing self‐esteem 198</p> <p>Summary 201</p> <p><b>The Regulatory Functions of The Self: The Self In Control 201</b></p> <p>Self‐awareness theory 202</p> <p>Self‐regulation theory 202</p> <p>The consequences of self-regulation 205</p> <p>Autonomous self‐regulation as a resource 206</p> <p>Summary 207</p> <p><b>Self Stability and Change 208</b></p> <p>Chapter Summary 210</p> <p>Key Terms 211</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 212</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Attitudes 213<br /></b><i>Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 214</b></p> <p><b>What is An Attitude? 214</b></p> <p>Summary 215</p> <p><b>The Content of Attitudes 215</b></p> <p>The cognitive component of attitudes 216</p> <p>The affective component of attitudes 217</p> <p>The behavioural component of attitudes 218</p> <p>How related are the components of attitudes? 220</p> <p>Summary 222</p> <p><b>The Structure of Attitudes 222</b></p> <p>Summary 224</p> <p><b>Why Do We Hold Attitudes? 224</b></p> <p>Object appraisal 226</p> <p>Utilitarian versus value‐expressive attitudes 227</p> <p>Summary 229</p> <p><b>Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function 230</b></p> <p>Content, structure, function and attitude strength 230</p> <p>Summary 231</p> <p><b>The Measurement of Attitudes 231</b></p> <p>Explicit measures of attitudes 232</p> <p>Issues relevant to the explicit measurement of attitudes 233</p> <p>Implicit measures of attitudes 234</p> <p>Are attitude measures reliable and valid? 238</p> <p>Summary 238</p> <p><b>Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour? 239</b></p> <p>When do attitudes predict behaviour? 241</p> <p>Do explicit and implicit measures of attitude predict different types of behaviour? 244</p> <p>Models of attitude–behaviour relations 246</p> <p>Summary 251</p> <p>Chapter Summary 251</p> <p>Key Terms 252</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 253</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change 254<br /></b><i>Wolfgang Stroebe</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 255</b></p> <p><b>Persuasion 255</b></p> <p>Theories of systematic processing 256</p> <p>A dual‐process theory of persuasion 260</p> <p>The impact of persuasion on implicit measures of attitude 270</p> <p><b>Incentive‐Induced Attitude Change 272</b></p> <p>Counter‐attitudinal behaviour and attitude change 273</p> <p>Some paradoxical effects of incentives and sanctions 277</p> <p>Further limitations of the effectiveness of incentive‐induced change 278</p> <p>Summary 279</p> <p><b>Advertising As Applied Persuasion 279</b></p> <p>Is subliminal advertising possible? 280</p> <p>Summary 289</p> <p>Chapter Summary 290</p> <p>Key Terms 291</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 291</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Social Influence 293<br /></b><i>Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 294</b></p> <p><b>Classic Evidence of Social Influence and The Power of Social Norms 295</b></p> <p>The impact of social norms 295</p> <p>Summary 302</p> <p><b>Why Does Social Influence Occur? 302</b></p> <p>Social comparison 304</p> <p>Summary 305</p> <p><b>Types of Social Influence 306</b></p> <p>Inducing compliance 306</p> <p>The influence of numerical majorities and minorities 308</p> <p>Group decision‐making 325</p> <p>Obedience to authority 334</p> <p>Summary 343</p> <p>Chapter Summary 344</p> <p>Key Terms 345</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 345</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Aggression 347<br /></b><i>Barbara Krahé</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 348</b></p> <p><b>Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour 349</b></p> <p>Observation of aggressive behaviour 351</p> <p>Obtaining reports of aggressive behaviour 351</p> <p>Summary 354</p> <p><b>Theories of Aggression 354</b></p> <p>Biological approaches 354</p> <p>Psychological approaches 357</p> <p>Summary 364</p> <p><b>Personal and Situational Variables Affecting</b></p> <p><b>Aggressive Behaviour 365</b></p> <p>Individual differences in aggressive behaviour 365</p> <p>Situational influences on aggressive behaviour 367</p> <p>Summary 376</p> <p><b>Aggression As A Social Problem 376</b></p> <p>Intimate partner violence 377</p> <p>Sexual aggression 380</p> <p>Bullying in school and the workplace 381</p> <p>Intergroup violence 384</p> <p>Summary 388</p> <p><b>Psychological Prevention and Intervention 388</b></p> <p>Catharsis 389</p> <p>Punishment 390</p> <p>De‐escalation through eliciting incompatible responses 390</p> <p>Summary 392</p> <p>Chapter Summary 392</p> <p>Key Terms 393</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 394</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Prosocial Behaviour 395<br /></b><i>Mark Levine, Rachel Manning, and Richard Philpot</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 396</b></p> <p><b>Prosocial Behaviour, Helping and Altruism 398</b></p> <p>Definitions 398</p> <p>The altruism–egoism debate 399</p> <p>Prosocial behaviours 403</p> <p>Summary 404</p> <p><b>Why People Don’t Help 404</b></p> <p>A decision‐making model of bystander behaviour 406</p> <p>Summary 412</p> <p><b>Why People Do Help 412</b></p> <p>The costs and rewards of helping 412</p> <p>Groups, identity and prosocial behaviour 415</p> <p>Helping outgroups 418</p> <p>Social identity and the bystander effect 419</p> <p>Social identity, emotion and bystander intervention 420</p> <p>Summary 421</p> <p><b>Issues In Researching Prosocial Behaviour 421</b></p> <p>Violence and helping 422</p> <p>Gender and helping 425</p> <p>Long‐term, sustained helping behaviours 426</p> <p>Summary 430</p> <p><b>Evolution, Genes and Helping 431</b></p> <p>When helping is not self‐interested 433</p> <p>Summary 435</p> <p><b>The Social Neuroscience of Helping 435</b></p> <p>Summary 437</p> <p><b>Helping In The Real World 437</b></p> <p>Selfish vs. altruistic behaviour in life‐threatening emergencies 438</p> <p>Summary 442</p> <p>Chapter Summary 442</p> <p>Key Terms 443</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 444</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Attraction and Close Relationships 445<br /></b><i>Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 446</b></p> <p><b>The Importance of Relationships 446</b></p> <p>Relationships and psychological well‐being 446</p> <p>Relationships and physical well‐being 447</p> <p>The role of social support 448</p> <p>The immediate effects of social exclusion 448</p> <p>The need to belong 451</p> <p>Attachment 451</p> <p>Summary 456</p> <p><b>Interpersonal Attraction 456</b></p> <p>The benefits of physical attractiveness 456</p> <p>What is beautiful is good 456</p> <p>The features that determine physical attractiveness 457</p> <p>Contextual influences on physical attractiveness 460</p> <p>Psychological attraction 461</p> <p>Proximity 462</p> <p>Familiarity 463</p> <p>Similarity 463</p> <p>Underestimating the power of the situation 465</p> <p>Summary 465</p> <p><b>Romantic Relationships 465</b></p> <p>Love 466</p> <p>Relationship satisfaction and stability 466</p> <p>Thoughts and behaviours that enhance relationship functioning 469</p> <p>Summary 473</p> <p><b>General Relationship Processes 474</b></p> <p>Types of relationships 474</p> <p>Disclosure 476</p> <p>Perceived partner responsiveness 479</p> <p>Relationship ending 481</p> <p>Summary 482</p> <p>Chapter Summary 482</p> <p>Key Terms 484</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 484</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Group Dynamics 485<br /></b><i>Bernard A. Nijstad</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 486</b></p> <p><b>The Phenomenology of Groups 486</b></p> <p>Defining groups 486</p> <p>Why groups? 487</p> <p>Types of groups, entitativity and group functions 488</p> <p>Consequences of entitativity 490</p> <p>Summary 491</p> <p><b>Individuals In Groups: Social Facilitation 493</b></p> <p>Zajonc’s drive theory 493</p> <p>The role of evaluation 494</p> <p>Distraction‐conflict theory 495</p> <p><b>Individuals In Groups: Group Socialization 497</b></p> <p>Joining a group and group socialization: becoming a full member 498</p> <p>Being in a group: maintenance and role negotiation 501</p> <p>Leaving a group: divergence and exit 502</p> <p>Summary 506</p> <p><b>Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis 506</b></p> <p>Group development 506</p> <p>On being similar: norms, shared cognition and cohesion 509</p> <p>On being different: status and roles 515</p> <p>Summary 519</p> <p><b>Groups In Their Environment: The Intergroup Level of Analysis 520</b></p> <p>The intergroup context and the salience of group membership 520</p> <p>The intergroup context, group perceptions and social influence 523</p> <p>Summary 524</p> <p>Chapter Summary 524</p> <p>Key Terms 525</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 525</p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Group Performance and Leadership 526<br /></b><i>Stefan Schulz‐Hardt and Felix C. Brodbeck</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 527</b></p> <p><b>Some Core Concepts: Actual Group Performance, Group Potential and Task Type 528</b></p> <p>Actual and potential group performance 528</p> <p>Basic types of group tasks and their implications for group potential 529</p> <p>Summary 530</p> <p><b>Process Losses Versus Process Gains In Group Performance 531</b></p> <p>Types of process losses and process gains 531</p> <p>Summary 540</p> <p><b>Group Performance Management 540</b></p> <p>Three basic principles of group performance management 540</p> <p>Summary 549</p> <p><b>Leadership 550</b></p> <p>Approaches to the study of leadership 551</p> <p>Leadership in groups: How can leadership help to improve group performance? 559</p> <p>Summary 561</p> <p>Chapter Summary 561</p> <p>Key Terms 562</p> <p>Notes 563</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 563</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 565<br /></b><i>Russell Spears and Nicole Tausch</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 566</b></p> <p><b>Personality Approaches To Prejudice 569</b></p> <p>The authoritarian personality 570</p> <p>Prejudice and a desire for social dominance 571</p> <p>Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as ideologies 572</p> <p>Summary 577</p> <p><b>The Cognitive Approach To Prejudice 577</b></p> <p>Outgroup homogeneity, stereotyping and prejudice 578</p> <p>Developments and integration 579</p> <p>Summary 581</p> <p><b>Group Approaches To Prejudice 581</b></p> <p>Intragroup processes, ingroup bias and prejudice 581</p> <p>Intergroup explanations of prejudice and discrimination 582</p> <p>The social identity explanation of ingroup bias 585</p> <p>More extreme threats to the group 590</p> <p>Integrative intergroup theories 592</p> <p>Can emotions help to explain the variety and intensity of prejudice? 595</p> <p>Summary 599</p> <p><b>Psychological Interventions To Reduce Prejudice and Improve Intergroup Relations 600</b></p> <p>The ‘contact hypothesis’ 600</p> <p>Varying levels of categorization 606</p> <p>Other prejudice‐reduction techniques 610</p> <p>The wider implications of prejudice reduction 613</p> <p>Summary 615</p> <p>Chapter Summary 616</p> <p>Key Terms 617</p> <p>Note 617</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 618</p> <p><b>Chapter 15 Cultural Social Psychology 619<br /></b><i>Peter B. Smith</i></p> <p><b>Introduction 620</b></p> <p><b>Culture and Cultural Differences 621</b></p> <p>Defining culture 622</p> <p>Nations as cultures 623</p> <p>Measuring culture 623</p> <p>Overcoming methodological challenges 627</p> <p>Summary 630</p> <p><b>Culture and Cognition 630</b></p> <p>Summary 636</p> <p><b>Culture and Self-Construal 636</b></p> <p>Cross‐cultural variation in self‐enhancement 637</p> <p>Self‐construal as an explanation of cultural differences 640</p> <p>Self‐construal over time 640</p> <p>Summary 642</p> <p><b>Interpersonal Relations 643</b></p> <p>Prosocial behaviour with strangers 643</p> <p>Intimate relationships 644</p> <p>Summary 645</p> <p><b>Group Processes 646</b></p> <p>Summary 649</p> <p><b>Intergroup Relations and Prejudice 651</b></p> <p>Contact and prejudice 654</p> <p>Summary 655</p> <p><b>Intercultural Relations 655</b></p> <p>Migration and acculturation 657</p> <p>Summary 663</p> <p>Chapter Summary 663</p> <p>Key Terms 664</p> <p>Suggestions For Further Reading 664</p> <p>Glossary 666</p> <p>References 685</p> <p>Name Index 792</p> <p>Index 823</p>
<p><b>MILES HEWSTONE</b> is Emeritus Professor, University of Oxford. He has (co)authored 3 books, edited 25 books, and has published over 250 articles relating to the study of social psychology. He has been awarded the Presidents' Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge (2001) and the Kurt Lewin Medal for Distinguished Research Achievement (2005). He is a Fellow of the British Academy. <p><b>WOLFGANG STROEBE</b> has taught social psychology in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands. He is currently Emeritus Professor, Utrecht University and visiting professor at the University of Groningen. He has authored and co-authored multiple books and numerous scientific articles on social and health psychology. He has received several awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Louvain (Belgium), the Tajfel Award for lifelong contributions to European Social Science, and the lifetime achievement award of the German Psychological Association.
<p><b>This definitive resource in social psychology includes engaging study tools designed to help students grasp the underlying theories and the latest research in the field.</b> <p>In the seventh edition of <i>An Introduction to Social Psychology</i>, students will discover a wealth of tools to help them understand the theories and fundamental knowledge in the ever-evolving field of social psychology. With contributions from leading psychologists, this feature-rich edition includes Theory Boxes, Research Close-ups, and Lab Boxes to help cement students' understanding of the study material. <p>This essential study guide has been engaging and educating students on social psychology theories and research for over 34 years. For students entering into the world of social psychology for the first time, this book covers foundational topics, such as: <ul> <li>In-depth looks at social cognition, aggression, prosocial behaviour, and relationships</li> <li>Strategies for changing attitude and behaviour</li> <li>Understanding the causes of prejudice, and how to reduce it</li> <li>Critical study materials for multiple-choice testing</li> </ul> <p>The combination of sound academic approach with cohesion of topics, accessibility of material, and pedagogy in this 7th edition makes it a definitive resource for both instructors and introductory psychology students alike.

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